Micro-Finance in Bangladesh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Micro-Finance in Bangladesh - Essay Example Project governance consists of a number of activities such as those related to corporate decision making and organizational structures. Â  Bangladesh is classified as a Least Developed Country by the United Nations Organization. With a population of roughly 125 million, i.e. more than twice the population of Britain, it’s lacking in almost every conceivable resource for human consumption. The Grameen Bank has initiated a housing loan scheme among others for the poorer segments of Bangladeshis so that they would borrow even if they are unable to show collateral. Those pavement dwellers and squatters on government properties have partially benefited from this scheme. They are the first group of external stakeholders, while those contractors are also considered as external stakeholders of the project. However, employees and managers on sites are regarded as internal stakeholders (Cadle and Yeates, 2007). The government of Bangladesh and the international community such as INGOs, the World Bank, the UNICEF and the IMF are also involved in these projects as providers of auxiliary services such as safe drinking wat er, schools, hospitals and so on. The following stakeholder map illustrates how various stakeholders of a similar project would be brought under a single map for the analysis of links within and without the project. While the physical dimension of the project might be limited to its primary housing project, its real impact would be felt far beyond the far corners of the country itself. Â  While this sheet does not provide a detailed management structure for every stakeholder group involved in the project, it adequately illustrates how each relevant stakeholder group is managed through the project governance process (Carroll, 2006). Stakeholders might have different levels of interest in a project depending on the level of impact on them.

Critique of the poster

Critique of the poster Critique of the poster PURPOSE The purpose of my poster was to effectively present my research topic, describing my methodology and aims in a clear, precise manner. The poster needed to be a brief, well organised summary, organised in sequence, with an introduction, outline of my planned methodology, results, conclusion and references. http://connect.le.ac.uk/posters The poster needed to appeal to a specialist university audience of students and teachers, who would expect to view sufficient technical information. DESCRIPTION Reviewing my poster, I feel that its presentation on five single-sided handwritten pages of black type was confusing and lengthy. It was inadequate, bland and didnt indicate key points. EVALUATION Reviewing poster guidelines for creating and designing academic posters on Leicester Universitys Academic Poster website, I realised that mine failed to use good layout, short amounts of text, graphics, charts, or colour, to highlight key aspects of my outline research. (Feedback: Dr Chris Comber: email: 13.01.10) Visually, it only contained one font and one (black) colour, and some rather bland headings, so it was not appealing in its presentational techniques. Use of different fonts to highlight my title, introduction and chosen methodology may have shown that I had a more logical structure for my topic . My chosen picture an image of a primary school teacher facing a class during a lesson was an attempt to show an ‘effective teacher in control of a calm classroom situation. I feel, with hindsight, that the picture could have been more carefully chosen. The rather basic, uniform presentation could have used Microsoft Publisher with a set ‘template of fonts and colours, to give it a more professional and serious feel. My handwritten version perhaps looked rushed and hurriedly assembled and reflected my own lack of technical expertise and confidence in creating an academic poster. There were also a lack of references in support of my very general points and assertions (eg how teachers are ‘challenged; ‘lack of support; ‘teachers are blamed for everything and so on, identified in my research background. I really should have made it clear that I was outlining from professional experience as a primary teacher in Greece, or made it clear I had sourced these terms. Feedback: Dr Chris Comber: email: 13.01.10) Finally, I realise that I should have more closely defined (using literature) effective and successful teacher (referenced back to research). Feedback: Dr Chris Comber: email: 13.01.10. Overall, the disadvantage of my poster was that I didnt properly define my methodology, clearly arguing the case for undertaking a case study. I should also have perhaps outlined how I would collate and present my case study. I should also have read up on poster sites including Leicester Universitys http://connect.le.ac.uk/posters to see their stage-by-stage guide to creating effective posters which are eye-catching and convey the right academic information. I should have presented the strengths and weaknesses of such a case study, summarised into key points, more clearly. I should have referenced my main summarised points for the case study drawing a more careful distinction between personal and professional experiences and literature into ‘effective and ‘successful teaching. On these two words, I should have defined them precisely. They are used too vaguely. ATTACHMENT A template copy of what I should have done, approximately, is attached for your information. The source of this template is http://connect.le.ac.uk/posters: 5

Essay --

Mady Bunnell English 11 Hour 2 Almost 50% of people with eating disorders meet the criteria for depression.Only 1 in 10 men and women with eating disorders receive treatment. Only 35% of people that receive treatment for eating disorders get treatment at a specialized facility for eating disorders. Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder) in the U.S. Along with all these appalling statistics, eating disorders have the highest mortality of any mental disorder(1). There are multiple causes of eating disorders leading to horrific consequences, but various treatment plans await those victims seeking to get help. An eating disorder is established by an unhealthy relationship with food and weight preferences that interfere with ones personal life. As of May 2013, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classified anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating as the three main eating disorders. Anorexia is classified as having an intense fear of gaining weight and a typical unhealthy practices of intense starvation for long periods of time. Bulimia involves repetitive cycles of binge eating followed by self induced vomiting, also known as purging. Binge Eating is associated with cycles of consuming colossal amounts of food in a rapid manner. People who binge eat also cannot control how much they as well as when to stop. Eating disorders do not just appear out of out of the blue, people tend to use food as a coping mechanism to deal with pain emotions or to have some sort of control in their lives, with the short rush of fulfillment, eating disorder victims are inclined to skim over the severe and fatal repercussions of their actions. Eating... ... eating disorder victims. They are required to stay for certain amount of time and then follow up with outpatient care. During the inpatient process, specialists are a lot more hands on with their patients. Doctors and therapists dictate exactly what each individual does throughout the day, how much and what patients are granted to eat for breakfast, lunch and dinner to meet the nutritional needs of the patient, and psychotherapy counseling. There are multiple causes of eating disorders leading to horrific consequences, but various treatment plans are available to anyone struggle with the burden of an eating disorder. Eating disorders are simply mental demons that strive to mutilate any sense of self-esteem that victims may possess. By heeding the symptoms as soon as possible fatal repercussions can be averted through the the outpatient and outpatient processes.

Social and Mobile Marketing

Technological advancement triggered a change in the traditional marketing midway and strategies. The Internet is now considered as one of the most effective ways to communicate to customers, to advertise and launch products. People relied more and more on the Internet for research, com/social-networking-boon-or-bane/">social networking, online communication and shopping. Without the luxury of time, people started to prefer to stay home or in the office to process transactions through the Internet.The Internet service industry along with computer sales drastically increased because of the growing need for Internet surfing for personal and business use. Remarkably, direct and digital marketing through Internet became the preferred marketing midways used by companies since it offers direct communication with the customer base through email, online ads, search engine listing, online public relations, social bookmarking, affiliate marketing and viral electronic word-of-mouth marketing.Wit h all these options to choose from, a company can properly profile the needs and wants of the customers. Moreover, surveys are normally done to define the needs, feedback and preferences of the customers. With the wide range of scope that the Internet can reach, the price is a lot cost-effective than that of the traditional mediums of marketing through TV, print and radio. One benefit of mobile advertising is the accessibility of the target market and the impeccable knowledge about the customer in terms of demographics, usage and channel.Moreover, the delivery mechanism enables marketers to receive campaign statistics and measure campaign effectiveness. With the evolving changes in the behavior of people in this technological world, the mobile marketing strategy can surpass and grow in the next 3 to 6 years. If the behavior of people and the technological growth will be the metrics for advancement of mobile marketing, it can be confidently said an advancement will happen to this mar keting practices category. On the other hand, social marketing will also be affected with the phenomenal growth in technology.Social marketing is mainly focused on changing the intractable behaviors in complex environmental, economic, social, political circumstances for the common good of people. It's main purpose is to improve the quality of life which can be considered as ambitious. A thorough and comprehensive planning is needed for social marketing and it requires accurate profiling of the customers. In lieu with the objective of social marketing to change the behavior of the market, the world wide web is the best place to profile and to influence the market.The remarkable usage of Internet created opportunities for social marketing and advocacies. Three or six years from now, social marketing will be more comprehensive and accurate, with the availability of resources, it is more manageable to directly reach out to a customer base. Technologically speaking, it is very much possi ble for the global marketing to be widely used through enhancing and automating the processes. To change the behavior of a market is far too ambitious to achieve, however, the behavior of people towards advocacies and programs have evolved.Support for such have grown in the last few years. With this change in behavior, opportunities for profiling and changing the views of people is somehow more achievable and realistic. In conclusion, there are possibilities of the decline in the social marketing practices as well as the digital advertising. However, these two categories of marketing can also adopt to the ever changing market preferences but enhancements will be formulated to improve the approaches of

Buddhism Worksheet Essay

1. Explain the basic Buddhist teachings including the three marks of reality, the Four Noble Truths, and the Noble Eightfold Path. Answer: The basic teachings of Buddhism are based around what are called the three jewels. The first is Buddha or an ideal human who others should imitate. The second is Dharma which is the Buddhist lessons on how to see things in a worldly manny. Finally, is Sangha which refers to the community of monks and nuns. The Buddha focused on two major things in his teachings how to reduce suffering in ourselves and others and how to attain inner peace. In the Buddhist teachings are cover the three realities which are change, identity, and suffering (Molloy, 2013). . The first which is constant change refers to the fact that the world is constantly changing around us. The second wenches lack of permanent identity refers to the fact that we are constantly changing as we age and go through the world learn new things and experiencing things. And finally of the presence of distress, Buddha states, we will always experience some sort of sorrow or dissatisfaction in our lives part of obtaining pe rsonal peace or inner peace is accepting that. Buddhist teachings also include worker hold four Noble truths. The first of the truths it is called â€Å"to live is to suffer†. The idea that suffering exists from day one being born causes pain and suffering, getting disease causes pain and suffering, the decay of time causes pain and suffering, and ultimately death causes pain and suffering. The point is that there are so many things going on in life that cause suffering and many of them cannot be avoided. The second truths is â€Å"suffering comes from desire†. There are many forms of suffering that comes from wanting something or thinking that something is necessary, suffering can also come from stress, hunger or other outside sources. Lastly, is â€Å"to end suffering, end desire†. The basic idea with this one is that we must shed all of your unnecessary wants and desires. It’s carried out to an  extreme with the monks who give up material possessions personal property personal wealth they go so far as to shave their heads slither completely bald and give up all connection to their lives before becoming monks. In the last of the Noble truths is â€Å"release from suffering is possible and can be obtained by following the eightfold path†. The idea here, I believe is pretty self-explanatory if you follow this path or recommendations on how to live as laid out by Buddha you will attain inner peace and move beyond the suffering of this world. 2. Describe the three major Buddhist traditions—Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana—and how each tradition developed from the early teachings. Answer: The first of the Buddhist traditions is Theravada whose name means the way of the elders. This group takes a very stark approach to Buddhist teachings they’re very conservative group their goal is to commute continue the tradition of passing Buddhist teachings from one generation to the next without changing them. Communities of monks who stress the ideal to reach enlightenment through meditation. Though the monks say that ordinary or sometimes referred to as laypeople can obtain nirvana the life of a monk is a sure path to obtaining it. The second of the three major schools is Mahayana; this name means the big vehicle. They stress that nirvana is obtainable by everyone and also that enlightenment is a call to compassion. Their order maintains that in order to save yourself you must save others. This group is thought to of been mostly Indian in origin and therefore included many of the practices of Indian culture because the attitudes of the early Buddhists did not always fulfill the religious needs of many people. This school of Buddhism is considered the source of some of the most extraordinary creations of the human mind in areas such as art, philosophy, architecture, psychology, and ceremony. The schools also very widespread in eastern Asia it spread in too many areas including China. The third school Buddhism is vajrayana, the name means time and vehicle. When my and Buddhism entered Tibet and blended with their shamanism the result was Tibetan Buddhism. Although vajrayana includes other forms of esoteric Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism is the most well-known. The first form of Buddhism entered Tibet was actually called Tantric Buddhism. This form of Buddhism opposed  the original detachment from the world and its negative attitude towards bodily pleasure they thought that the body and all of its energies can be used to reach enlightenment. References Molloy, M. (2013). Experiencing the world’s religions: Tradition, challenge, and change (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

How to write effective role descriptions for your CV

How to write effective role descriptions for your CV Role descriptions within your CV offer recruiters a valuable insight into your experience and abilities. Describing your current and previous work experience provides you with an excellent opportunity to showcase your skills and show potential employers how you apply them in the workplace. Here are some foolproof ways to write an effective role description and land that job! Structure your role descriptions properlyYour CV needs to flow in order to facilitate ease of reading. Large blocks of text make it difficult for readers to digest the information in your CV.Start with a bold heading to announce the beginning of the role and detail the employer name, your role title, and dates of employment. Under the heading, provide a brief one or two line outline to explain the nature of your employers’ business, where you sit within the organization, and the overall goal of the role – this builds context for the reader. Then list your responsibilities in short sharp bullet point s so that recruiters can navigate them quickly and pick out the information they need.To really add some weight to your roles, round them off with some impressive achievements you made during your time with the company.Show how you’ve impacted an organizationIt’s not enough to merely document your responsibilities however, you need to prove the impact you have made in each organization. Highlight how you’ve worked to support company goals or targets and how your actions impacted the wider team. For example, you may have been responsible for managing the company budget – but simply stating that responsibility does not demonstrate the impact you made.To prove your impact you will need to expand to discuss how your actions have affected the business which could be things like saving costs, identifying areas for improvement or even helping to generate more revenue.Use the right level of detailWhen putting together role descriptions you’ll want to be de tailed enough to describe your experiences and achievements but not so exhaustive that your CV becomes tedious to read. This can be a difficult balancing act, so look to add depth to your most recent positions, and as you work backward through your career history look to only briefly summarize dated roles.Employers will want to know lots about your current roles because they are generally the best way to gauge your current capabilities – whereas role from several years will not be of great interest to them.Sell yourselfIt seems obvious, right? Your CV is your first impression to a company so it needs to be strong to grab recruiters’ attention and compel them to contact you. Being too modest and writing in a dull formal tone won’t excite anybody. Although you want to portray a professional image, ensure your descriptions are written in an upbeat positive tone with plenty of positive verbs and adjectives to emphasize your effectiveness as an employee.For example, don’t just describe yourself as   â€Å"marketing executive with 5 years of experience in the healthcare industry.† Improve the language and really sell yourself by describing yourself as an â€Å"accomplished global marketing executive with 5 years of experience supporting some of the world’s biggest brands and campaigns.†Quantify your achievementsAs part of your role descriptions you need to document your prior achievements but if you really want recruiters to understand your impact,   you need to quantify those accomplishments. By adding specific examples and including any relevant facts or figures you’ll be giving more credibility to your claims. For example, instead of simply adding the fact you have supported the implementation of a new booking system, state how this new process improved performance by 20%.This will help the recruiter to qualify your achievements and progress you further in the recruitment process.About the Author:Andrew Fennell is an experienced recruiter and founder of CV advice center StandOut CV and a regular contributor to sites such as CV Library, The Guardian, and Business Insider.

Time as a Determinate of Final Product in a Dehydration Reaction essays

Time as a Determinate of Final Product in a Dehydration Reaction essays Time as a Determinate of Final Product in a Dehydration Reaction Robert Simack, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Abstract: This study involved acid dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The results varied depending on the time elapsed after initial reaction. I attempted to prove the Evelyn Effect, which stated that over a period of time the products of the aforementioned reaction will beobserved to change volume so that those products formed by a cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will form first. However, once all molecules in the cis isomer undergo reaction the remaining trans configured 2-methylcyclohexanols will proliferate during the latter period of the reaction. I also postulated as to the possible formulation of 1-ethylcyclopentene, and to the cause of such an event. Introduction: After researching acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions (McMurray) and background on the Evelyn Effect (Clausen) I hypothesize that the cis isomer of 2-methylcyclohexanol will react via an E1 type process forming 1-methylcyclohexene according to predictions from Zaitzevs rule (Lehman). This should be due to the fact that the cis isomer has 2 anti-coplanar hydrogens. These two hydrogens should make the molecule more reactive. The trans isomer, with only one anti-coplanar hydrogen, should be slower to react and will form a 3-methylcyclohexene. In addition the 1-ethylcyclopentene will be formed from both the cis and trans isomers but only if the hydroxyl group is in an equatorial position. In that position electrons from the ring may attack the alcohol directly from behind pushing it off the ring and forming a five-membered ring instead. Results ...

Identifying Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences

Identifying Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences The two main types of series/sequences are arithmetic and geometric. Some sequences are neither of these. It’s important to be able to identify what type of sequence is being dealt with. An arithmetic series is one where each term is equal the one before it plus some number. For example: 5, 10, 15, 20, †¦ Each term in this sequence equals the term before it with 5 added on.   In contrast, a geometric sequence is one where each term equals the one before it multiplied by a certain value. An example would be 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, †¦ Each term is equal to the prior one multiplied by 2. Some sequences are neither arithmetic nor geometric. An example would be 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, †¦The terms in this sequence all differ by 1, but sometimes 1 is being added and other times it is being subtracted, so the sequence is not arithmetic. Also, there is no common value being multiplied by one term to get the next, so the sequence cannot be geometric, either. Arithmetic sequences grow very slowly in comparison with geometric sequences. Try Identifying What Type of Sequences Are Shown Below 1. 2, 4, 8, 16, †¦ 2. 3, -3, 3, -3, ... 3. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, †¦ 4. -4, 1, 6, 11, 16, †¦ 5. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, †¦ 6. 9, 18, 36, 72, †¦ 7. 7, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, †¦ 8. 10, 12, 16, 24, †¦ 9. 9, 6, 3, 0, -3, -6, †¦ 10. 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, †¦ Solutions 1. Geometric with common ratio of 2 2. Geometric with common ratio of -1 3. Arithmetic with common value of 1 4. Arithmetic with common value of 5 5. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 6. Geometric with common ratio of 2 7. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 8. Neither geometric nor arithmetic 9. Arithmetic with common value of -3 10. Either arithmetic with common value of 0 or geometric with common ratio of 1

Adult Learner Interview Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adult Learner Interview - Assignment Example The firm deals with various orders placed by local, regional and global clients. Henry’s work is to handle the phone calls, queries and the complaints of the clients. Some clients even visit their office for making complaints. At those times, Henry finds it really difficult to tackle the client since the client talks about all the technical parts which are totally unknown to Henry. This is a small firm and therefore it doesn’t conduct any formal training program for the employees. Henry was only instructed to learn the basics about the software firm and its components from his co-workers. However at present Henry and some of his colleague who deals with the customer on a regular basis is facing trouble regarding the technical know-how. Considering the difficulties faced by these staff members of the firm, the manager of the customer care department arranged for a training session. When I approached Henry for knowing his learning experience he recalled the training sessi on faced by him. The interview went on as follows- Me-Why the training was necessary? Henry- The training helped me a lot to know about the various aspects of software and it was necessary because as a customer care executive for me it is of utmost importance to get a clear idea of the issues faced by the customer.

World cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World cultures - Essay Example The Mayan civilization consisted of powerful city-states that spread from southern Mexico to northern Honduras. Scientists in Mayan civilization cite that drought theory plays a pivotal role where the people cut down the jungle canopy to accelerate the problem`. A climate model simulation depicts the aggregation of drought caused by deforestation. The pale climate records show that the collapse of Mayan socio-political structure links to Terminal Classical Drought (TCD). The efforts to assess the effects of climate change on prehistoric societies leads to controversies on the future climate change in the modern societies. Lane et al (2014) present evidence of TCD along the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola, Laguna Castilla, and other areas of the Dominican Republic. The flowering with the rain theory analyzes the cavern stalagmites on the cave floors to link the climate swings that lead to the fall of the empire. Belizean stalagmites in the early Classical Maya are unusually wet since the population proliferation aid the process. Sophistication of monumental architecture, political systems, and complex religion fall in the full flower era. Scientists provide a warfare theory that could have shattered the entire people. The stone carving depict vicious images such as Tikal, Quirigua, and Dos Pilas. It is possible cites went to war with each other. As Dos Pilas invasion took place in 760 A.D (Lane et al. 2014). One cannot rule out the possibility of war that brought economic disaster and a domino effect in the Maya cities. At the apex of their power, things started to unravel just like the stock market zigzag into uncharted territory. Carroll (2013) explains that the ancients built an advanced society where they were undone by their own success. The population of the people continued to escalate stretching the natural resources to a breaking point. The political leaders

Health Care Reform & the Future of Nursing Essay

Health Care Reform & the Future of Nursing - Essay Example er expectations have led to improved service delivery as they are entitled to quality health care, which is catered fro through the universal health insurance schemes. The Affordable Care Act holds that all human being are entitled to medical attention as it is a basic human right, regardless of the patient’s financial position. The ethical principle of providing quality and equal health care to everyone is upheld through the act. The affordability of health care makes it possible for everyone to access health care regardless of the person’s financial position. The protection of human rights and offering of quality health care to every citizen are upheld in the ACA (Poskauer, 2014). The Accountable care organizations provide for grouping of patients so as to manage their medical care with the purpose of offering high quality care while cutting costs. This is done through collaborative efforts between hospitals, medical groups, as well as other providers of health care. The amount of money saved through this initiative is kept by the health care providers. The retail clinics model is also a popular innovation. This gives immediate health care to those seeking medical care without the need to have appointments. The dual- eligible model is also gaining ground. This allows patients to receive care using Medicare and Medicaid. This is especially helpful for patients with high medical expenses. The bundled payments are also gaining prominence as it focuses on the quality of care provided and not quantity. The concept bundles all medical costs by the patient into one payment. This ensures that the patient receives standard care for any ailments (Daly, 2013). The nursing leaders need to learn how to handle patients with different needs accordingly. This is because the care provides for all levels and types of care that are sought by the patients. The nurses must learn to seek medical history appropriately so as to ensure that the medical care offered is consistent.

Turism and Hospitality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Turism and Hospitality - Essay Example Information and Communication Technology (ICT) techniques are seen to be an answer to such a dynamic business environment. Five themes driving the future of international hospitality industry include information technology, assets and capital management, capacity control, safety and security, and management skills (Olsen in Olson and Connolly, 1999). With the example of airline reservation systems in the 60s to the Central Reservation Systems to the current Global Distribution Systems providing holistic tourism products such as information, reservations and linkages with stakeholders, ICTs have become indispensable. Further with the society changing into 'information knowledge society', business organizations are turning to newer information technologies for survival and competitiveness (Gratzer et. al, 2003). Go (in Buhalis, 1998) identifies some of attributes of ICTs acting as drivers of tourism globalisation. These include, 'cost drivers' in terms of increased efficiency, low distribution cost, low communication cost, low labour cost, minimisation of waste factor and facilitator of flexible pricing; 'market drivers' satisfying sophisticated demand, offering flexibility in operation, supporting specialization and differentiation, providing last minute deals and accurate information, supports relationship marketing strategies for frequent flyers / guests, there is quick reaction to demand fluctuation, multiple / integrated products can be offered and results in better yield management, corporate research and marketing research; 'Government and regulatory drivers' such as support from Government, deregulation and liberalisation and 'competitive drivers' as strategic tool, managing network of enterprises, value-added skill building, flexibility, knowledge acquisition and a barrier to entry . ICTs: Implications for Tourism Industry Poon (in Gratzer et. al, 2003) has described the implications for tourism industry caused by information and communication technologies (ICT). These include, change of rules in the industry; change in role of each player involved in the process of value-creation; facilitation of 'new, flexible, and high quality travel and tourism services that are cost-competitive with mass, standardized, and rigidly packaged options' and transformation of tourism from 'mass, standardized, and rigidly package nature into a more flexible, individual-oriented industry.' Marcussen (in Gratzer et. al, 2003) cites the example of European online travel market to be worth 14 billion Euros by 2006. Buhalis (1998) suggest a multi-dimensional strategic framework for use of information technology and illustrates the strategic implications of information technology for the tourism industry. Strategic Framework for Information Technology in Tourism (Source: Buhalis, 1998, pp. 417) Buhalis (in Buhalis, 1998) illustrates role of information technology in facilitating both intra- and inter-organisational communications and functions. Within a tourism organisation, information technology facilitates management functions such as 'strategic planning, competition analysis, financial planning and control, marketing research, marketing strategy and implementation, pricing

Southland by Nina Revoyr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Southland by Nina Revoyr - Essay Example In a socialistic form, the novel represents three ethnic groups, i.e. Asians, Blacks and Mexicans. It also illustrates the behavior of these ethnic groups compliant with various situations arising during the exploration of the mystery. Consequently, it highlights both the utopian and the dystopian verges of the races in a well-furnished manner (Nina, R., â€Å"Southland†). Several characters can be identified in the novel performing their individual characteristics according to the situations and instances. Among them the two major characters of the story are Jackie Ishida and James Lanier. Jackie Ishida was the grand daughter of Frank Sakai, an Asian settled in Los Angles with a store in the area. Frank Sakai had passed away quite ‘unexpectedly’, just before ten days of Jackie Ishida’s arrival to the city after receiving the call from her aunt Louis. Jackie Ishida, by her birth belonged to the Asian race and can be identified as an Asian-American. The girl was also a final year law student in the UCLA law school. On the other hand, James Lanier was an African-American and related to one of the three victims who was found murdered in Frank Sakai’s store (Nina, R., â€Å"Southland†). Throughout the novel there were several incidents where the ethnic qualities of these characters have been visualized. For example, the first interview of Jackie Ishida and James Lanier revealed the various paradoxes of the two young minds in terms of ethnicity and gender. As can be witnessed in the situation, Jackie seemed to be quite an individualist and conservative as well for which her ethnicity and gender plays a significant role. Notably, in her first meet, the girl hesitated to be alone with James after Laura had left her in his office, although she liked him. On the contrary, James proved to be quite a conformist by his behavior where he approaches in front of Jackie and depicts to be interested in her through the words of Laura. Thi s contradictory form of behavior depicted from the end of Jackie and James were evidently the influence of their ethnic groups and their genders as well (Nina, R., â€Å"Southland†). Another unique characteristic of the novel which in turn influences the encounters and the responses of the two characters was that it was to a certain extent based on the plot of 1992 riots. It is in this context, that the novel raises various consequences of an ethnic society during the period. For instance, Jackie’s astonishment when the true fact of her grandfather, Frank behind leaving Crenshaw was revealed and also when she witnessed a majority of blacks in his funeral depicted both the virtues and deficiencies of an ethnic society (Nina, R., â€Å"Southland†). 2. The Rework of the Novel under the Context of the Image of Los Angeles as the Site of the ‘American Dream’s Several authors had contextualized the site of ‘American Dream’ highlighting variou s instances which occurred after World War II, which

Marketing Plan part A Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Plan part A - Coursework Example It has been in existence and operation since 2007 and aims at providing solutions to day to day tasks. The marketing strategy of the pet spray product wise includes decisions related to product mix (Small Business management 382). It involves branding, packaging and labeling. Intensive brand promotion plays a key role in facilitating sales. The strategy is to engage social media marketing platform as a tool to expose the brand to the target market due to the power of sharing. The brand symbol/ picture will involve pets and the different types of ambiance. The spray paint is packaged in a spray can with an easy to handle valve jet; this is at giving the brand protection, information provision and facilitating sales appeal. Good packages facilitate point of purchase, and it is keen to note that packaging has emerged as a major promotional tool in the consumer goods segment. The spray also comprises of application instructions, labeling assist consumers to understand the nature of the product and its unique features such as easily washable and

Southland by Nina Revoyr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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E-marketing strategies for Nestle

E-marketing strategies for Nestle Consumers buying behaviour and want often changed rapidly as the trend of the market and the current fad had worked closely with the advancement of technology. Marketing has also moved to helping the buyer to buy rather than the traditional way of advertising that more towards to helping seller to sell which lead to companies to use the Internet as the effective tool to provide the customer with information and gained their buying decision whilst develop a lasting relationship. (Charlesworth, 2009). There are numerous of companies set up their business online, as a result, each business owner has to come out with new and appropriate e-marketing strategies in order for their company to be one step further or stay competitive with its rivals. As in the food manufacturer industry, Nestlà © (M) Bhd. had growth and made expansion throughout Malaysian which became the trusted names in every household from generation to generation. As to move along with the current fab, Nestlà © (M) Bhd a lso breaking its traditional ways of advertising and penetrate into the Internet world in order to stay on top of the summit of food manufacturer leader in the country and increase the company Return on Investment. 2.0 Introduction E-business has become in vogue because of it benefits such as cost effective, enable better customer relationship, gaining competitive advantage and etc. By making the appropriate and critical use of e-marketing strategies and practices through Internet, companies can achieve their objectives and sustain competitive advantage over its rivals. As for this report, Nestlà © (M) Bhd. will be chosen as the case study. Nestlà © Malaysia is the food manufacturer which manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara, and 6 other offices in Malaysia. Nestlà © Malaysia manufactures more than 300 Halal products with the brand name such as MILO, NESCAFÉ, MAGGI, NESPRAY, KIT KAT and etc. (See Appendix 1 for Nestlà © Malaysias history) In this business report, it illustrates e-marketing strategies of Nestlà © (M) Bhd. that can be adopted to achieve the objective of the company, which are likely to produce the best of Return on Investment (ROI). In order to achieve this objective, Nestlà © (M) Bhd. can: Build and market Nestlà © Brand via internet Advertise and attract more online users to Nestlà ©s website Improve online sales and boost business profit Develop and build relationship with customer base The e-marketing strategies recommended to Nestlà © (M) Bhd. to implement to achieve the company Return of Investment (ROI) as mentioned above are website development, viral marketing, affiliate marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), domain name, online advertising and email marketing. 3.0 E-marketing Strategies Nestlà © Malaysia can be Adopted to Achieve the best of Return on Investment (ROI) 3.1 Website Development To achieve the objective of Nestlà © Malaysia to produce the best of Return on Investment (ROI), developing and designing a good website is the most important and initial stage in the e-marketing strategies. Based on the Internet World Stats (Figure 1), Asia has the highest percentage of Internet users in the world; this shows that Asia is an Internet-mature country among the world and this indicates a potential online market whereby Internet is currently a fad tool for them to look for information, therefore, a quality website design is a key to attract more online users to Nestlà © Malaysias website. 3.1.1 Presentation Based on Dr. Wilson (2003), the splash pages which is the home pages with dancing logos powered by Macromedia Flash technology designed to annoy and turn away visitors before they reach the real home page. Charlesworth, (2009) states that a website should be designed for its target readership and is easy to find information. In the case of Nestlà © Malaysia, some of the webpage of it brands such as NESLAC, MAGGIE are designed with Flash type technologies. Nestlà © Malaysia can improve on this area because a web page is designed for key audience and sending messages around their needs and glossy graphic form the Flash will grabs attention and brand association from the audience. (Tobin, 2008). Nestlà © Malaysia also has to ensure that the entire site is consistent, with every page in the site is follow the same layout and structure. Besides, in terms of the subject of the page width, the site should be user printed friendly by setting the page width not more than the maximum width of 750 pixels to conveniences the visitors when they want to do print-out from the site. The site also should avoid using the large images especially on the front page as this will slower down the download time of the site and simply turn away the impatient web users. (Charlesworth, 2009). 3.1.2 Usability According to Charlesworth (2009), website usability is to aid visitor to achieve their objectives for visiting the site in the simplest as easiest way. Most of the Internet users are used to a certain user interface elements where they usually reluctant to learn or adapt new thing with just to use the website. Nestlà © Malaysia should design its sites with a clear categorization of its brands. In a case of a user would like to look for the information regarding Growing Up Milk, the site should easily link to the user, e.g. Brands > Milk > Growing Up Milk > NESPRAY. This is vital as a smooth visitors flow will definitely adding percentage of turning an Internet browser into e-shopper. As Nestlà © Malaysias website comes along with many pages with its myriad of product brands, the navigation of the site should be taking into account. This is because some of the users might not arrive on the front page when they enter the site, so there is a possible risk for this potential users might not aware of other content from the site. Nestlà © Malaysia should ensure that the in-site search facility they provided will offer a marketing message, i.e. search again, whenever there are no matching products for the users particular search. 3.1.3 Content According to Chen Barnes (2007), shoppers make purchase decisions based on the information provided by the sites. Besides, content is being recognized by the users where a successful Internet presence has always been about effectively delivery of the information of the visitors wants Content is king!. Nestlà © Malaysia should always -update the content of its site by providing the latest and useful information of the product for each of its brands. Nestlà © Malaysia also can give a description of ingredients used, dietary exchange per serving and allergen information such as eggs, milk, soy to steer clear of consequences of customers who are allergic to certain ingredients of each of its brand products. By adopting the web as a commercial medium, Nestlà © Malaysia can benefited in a way that it can deliver its products such as products promotion, newly launched products through a direct and information oriented manner to the web users. This can help Nestlà © Malaysia to lower their cost for postage, printing cost, television commercial cost that incur when using the traditional advertising. 3.2 Viral Marketing Viral marketing have the extremely powerful effect in the form of word-of-mouth advertising techniques which utilizes the popularity of online social networks, forums, email, blogs and other resources to deliver marketing message and hence bring exponential business growth. Nestlà © Malaysia can market and build its brands through these channels such as Facebook, MySpace, Tagged, Twitter. According to Figure 2, more than 30 billion pieces of content such as web links, news stories, blog posts, notes, photo albums, etc had been shared each month in Facebook. Nestlà © Malaysia can use Facebook to build the brand of its products as the company can target these number of users in Facebook to promote the brands. For instance, Jane a Facebook user who shared her newly experiences on the taste of Nestlà © new products, MAGGI ® TASTYLITEà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Atta Whole Wheat Instant Noodle by uploading pictures of her having the noodles will certainly draw the attention of her Facebook users friends to browse on the Nestlà ©s website. This can lead to the increase of sales of Nestlà © and helps Nestlà © to achieve the Return on Investment. Based on the graph above (Figure 3), the numbers of visitors to Twitter.com in May are exceeding 20 million. The users of Twitter often post their daily status on their account and many user of Twitter will follow their friends tweets. This can help Nestlà © if for instance, Alan a Twitter user who satisfy after experienced with Nestlà © products and posted the review on his Twitter account, this will more likely to let his friend who follow his tweet will make purchase of Nestlà ©s product if they have read positive comments from the tweet. 3.2.1 Criteria that requires for Successful Viral Campaign Nestlà © Malaysia has to ensure that the information on its site is: Easy to forward For instance, Nestlà © should making sure that its website enhance a good usability techniques that will make the receiver to pass the information of the sites on to others. The Nestlà © site can add in the email to a friend button on every product so the visitors can easily share the information with their friends. (Charlesworth, 2009) Right target audience Nestlà © Malaysia can provide more details information regarding the products so that the receiver will realize which message are suitable to forward to their friends. Take for example, the dairy products from Nestlà © Malaysia can be range from growing up milk to adult milk, therefore, Nestlà © should categorized its products accordingly so that the consumers will only forward the message to their friends in accordance to their needs. (Charlesworth, 2009) Message is placed where it can be seen Nestlà © Malaysia not only can target its products information message and ads on mailing list but it only can place them on an appropriate website, blog. For instance, Nestlà © Malaysia can place its product on the local famous food blog such as Criz Bon Appetite blog because there were many blog viewers who followed the blog and therefore they will also notice on Nestlà ©s ads. (Charlesworth, 2009) 3.3 Affiliate Marketing There were many types of affiliate marketing such as Pay-Per-Click (PPC), Pay-Per-Sale (PPS) advertising, loyalty websites, email lists and etc. Nestlà © Malaysia can use affiliate marketing as one of its marketing strategy to improve its sales while build up its brand and finally lead to produce the best of Return on Investment. For example, Nestlà © Malaysia can advertise its products in ClickBank.com where Nestlà © Malaysia itself become the vendor in ClickBank and wait for the affiliate marketers in ClickBank to promotes its products. Then, the marketers in ClickBank will promote the Nestlà © products on the Internet, if any buyers who click and browse on the marketers link, ClickBank will charge on Nestlà © in the share profits basis upon a successful purchase. This type of charging are knows as Pay-Per-Click (PPC). One of the advantages of Nestlà © through this strategy is that it will have a wider place to sell its products and the more websites that publish by the marketers will naturally provide more customers and create more sales. As through this strategy, it will help Nestlà © to build up the brand name of and at the same time increase sales volume and achieve time efficiency. 3.4 Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Search engine optimization is one of the very potent e-marketing approaches that can help Nestlà © Malaysia in achieving its objective of producing the best of Return on Investment by increase the traffic to its website. This can be done by enhancing the visibility and accessibility to Nestlà © Malaysia website from search engines such as Google, Yahoo!, Baidu and etc. According to the Jupiter Media Metrix, surveyed resulted that 47% of web users said that the most common way they find products or online stores is through search engines. The top 10 results to the search query get 78% more web traffic as compared to the subsequent listing. (Strauss, El-ansary, and Frost, 2003). 3.4.1 Comparison of daily traffic rank trend between Nestle Malaysia Berhad Unilever Malaysia from Jun-Aug10 of both Based on Figure 4 5, Nestle Malaysia ranked number 205,070 while Unilever Malaysia ranked number 1,199,354 in the world according to the alexa traffic rank. This indicates that Nestle Malaysia had a very low percentages visitors visit on their sites as compared to its competitor, Unilever Malaysia. The fraction of visits to the site referred by search engines for Nestle Malaysia is roughly 11% while approximately 45% for Unilever Malaysia. Unilever Malaysia is relatively popular among users in the city of Kuala Lumpur which ranked #14,163. Figure 6 illustrates that Google dominated the market share of search engine in Asia which is about 86.30 percent out of the total market share. In order to gain competitive advantage and to increase the website traffic, Nestlà © Malaysia should adopt search engine optimization strategy through the famous search engines Google. Besides, Ottos Cookies also can place their advertisement in Google AdSense so that online users will aware of Ottos Cookies website that appeared on the various websites of Google. This also can help Nestlà © Malaysia to gain more visitors to their websites. 3.4.2 Advantages of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) The advantage of search engine optimization is that it can deliver Nestlà © Malaysia website among the top ranked sites in the web. There will be a greater likelihood of internet users visiting Nestlà © Malaysia website if it is ranked on top of the first page as compared to the website ranked at third or latter page of search engines. Moreover, search engine optimization also aids Nestlà © Malaysia in promoting the brand on the related award Nestlà © Malaysia has won such as the Asian Marketing Effectiveness Awards (AMEA) 2007 from the NESCAFÉ Kick-Start category. This will definitely lead to the visitors decision and assist visitors to come up o purchasing Nestlà © Malaysia products. 3.5 Domain Name The domain name of the company is the fundamental when considering the website as the company brand. According to Murphy and Scharl (2007), an effective online presence is crucial to a brands internet success whereby a successful online presence came in place. This can be successful when customers can found the brand name when they type the brand name followed by the global or the country suffix in the search engines. By using the company trademark or its brand name can certainly helps consumers to quickly find the site and adds power to the brands. (Strauss, El-Ansary, and Frost, 2006). This is added-value to Nestlà © Malaysia which registered the domain name with the local country suffix as nestle.com.my. Besides, Nestlà © Malaysia also can create multiple domain names to cover variations of it products brand as well by using the top search engines- Google to promote its domain name. This can help Nestlà © Malaysia to promote its websites and attain more online users to its site. 3.6 Online Advertising Nestlà © Malaysia objective is to produce greater Return on Investment by creating brand awareness of the public through the medium of Internet. As for this, Nestlà © Malaysia can use the online advertising as it is the powerful tool to start and strengthen relationships with customers in brand promotion. Nestlà © Malaysia can place their advertisements of their various brand of product through the web. For instance, Nestlà © Malaysia can apply one of the forms of paid advertising models such as Pay-Per-Click (PPC). (Charlesworth, 2009). By using Pay-Per-Click advertising, Nestlà © Malaysia can place their advertisement in Google AdWords whereby Nestlà © Malaysia advertisement will appear in the search results of Google when people search on Google using one of its keywords. For instance, the keywords of good food, good life will immediately link Nestlà © site on top of the search engines. Nestlà © Malaysia will only have to pay to Google on performance when the users click on the advertisement of Nestlà © Malaysia. However, the keyword bid in Google also might be affected by the Clickthrough rate (CTR). The keyword bid of Google are depends on its quality score. If the previous ads of Nestlà © Malaysia had been attracting many clicks from the users, naturally this good track of record will gain more credit. This is a disadvantage for the first time advertisers as they will be penalized as they do not have record of history. (Charlesworth, 2009). With the increase number of information, people and time spend on Internet; Nestlà © Malaysia can easily promote its brand through online advertising. Besides, by using the Pay-Per-Click advertising, Nestlà © Malaysia can easily track the number of people who gets to know their advertisement and this can help them to trace the popularity of their brand in the Internet and also the effectiveness of their advertisement. Moreover, Nestlà © Malaysia also can advertise its brands on the blog and forum in the form of banner ads. For instance, the famous social media sites such as Blogger, Lowyat.net forum and etc. There is also community websites where Nestlà © Malaysia can post its ads as the content of the community websites is decided by the community members. (Charlesworth, 2009). In addition, online advertising also has greater range as compared to publications such as TV advertising which cater to a particular geographical area. As Internet can reach people around the world, Nestlà © Malaysia brand will be recognized globally and hence this can create business opportunity by bringing Nestlà © Malaysia out of the country. 3.7 Email Marketing Nestlà © Malaysia can specially create lists of consumers who agree to receive email to have the privileges to redeemed special rewards such as gift certificate from Nestlà © Malaysia to attract consumers to give them permission to email them on relevant news from Nestlà © Malaysia. This can attract more consumers to visit their website and at the same time brush up Nestlà © Malaysia brand name. Additionally, Nestlà © Malaysia can request the consumers email address and information used to registers a site when they make an online or offline purchase. By doing so, Nestlà © Malaysia actually can give online memberships to their customers who register to their websites and for every new registered customers will entitle extra discounts when make purchase on their products. This can help Nestlà © Malaysia to targets their consumers based on geography, age, income, spending powers and etc. Nestlà © Malaysia gets to build and maintain the relationship through a variety of communications such as newsletters, special offers or promotions to members, and customer services. With email marketing, Nestlà © Malaysia can transmit their email about the company products and services promotions instantly to the potential customers with literally just the click of a mouse and this factor already make email marketing strategy an extremely cost effective. In addition, as compared to offline normal postage, email advertising is faster and convenient. There are also no printing and postage charges required for email advertising. 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation It is important to Nestlà © Malaysia to have a better understanding on how the e-marketing strategies will bring effects towards achieving the company objective of producing the best of Return on Investment. Applying the appropriate strategies based on the company needs will help the company to stay competitive and stand strong in the market. In order to be better and having more opportunities than the rivals, the e-marketing strategies that chosen by the company also must compatible with current fad of the market and be creative from others in the sense that it also should applicable to the company. (3310 words) 5.0 Harvard Referencing 5.1 Book Resources Charlesworth, A., 2009. Internet marketing: a practical approach. Slovenia: Butterworth-Heinemann. Strauss, J., El-Ansary, A. and Frost, R., 2006. E-marketing. 4th ed. United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall. Turban, E., King, D., Viehland, D. and Lee, J., 2006. Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective. 4th ed., United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall. 5.2 Electronic Resources Alexa Internet, 2010. Nestle Malaysia Berhad. [Online] Available at: http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/nestle.com.my# [Accessed 20 August 2010]. Alexa Internet, 2010. Unilever-static Version. [Online] Available at: http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/unilever.com.my [Accessed 20 August 2010]. Available at: http://www.crizfood.com/ [Accessed 15 August 2010]. ClickBank, 2010. [Online] Available at: http://www.clickbank.com/index.html [Accessed 16 August 2010]. Facebook ,2010. Press room: Statistics. [Online]. Available at: http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics [Accessed 18 August 2010]. Folio Snap, 2010. Twelve reasons not to have flash website. [Online] Available at: http://www.foliosnap.com/whynotflash.php [Accessed 10 August 2010]. Google AdSense. Maximize revenue from your online content. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=adsenserm=hidefpui=3nui=15alwf=trueltmpl=adsensepassive=truecontinue=https://www.google.com/adsense/gaiaauth2followup=https://www.google.com/adsense/gaiaauth2hl=en_US [Accessed 22 August 2010]. Google Adwords. Advertise your business on Google. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.com/accounts/ServiceLogin?service=adwordshl=en_USltmpl=adwordspassive=trueifr=falsealwf=truecontinue=https://adwords.google.com/um/gaiaauth%3Fapt%3DNone%26ugl%3Dtruegsessionid=dv6snIDEoVr750b7WVNf8g [Accessed 25 August 2010]. Internet World Stats, 2010. Internet Users in the World Distribution by World Regions 2010. [Online] (Updated 30 June 2010) Available at: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm [Accessed 9 August 2010]. Maggie, 2010. Lets masak-masak. [Online] Available at: http://www.maggi.com.my/ [Accessed 9 August 2010]. Murphy, J., Scharl, A., 2007. An investigation of global versus local online branding. International Marketing Review, [Online] 24(3), pp. 297-312. Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02651330710755302 [Accessed 8 August 2010]. Nestlà ©, 2010. Neslac excella gold. [Online] Available at: http://www.excellencebeginsyoung.com.my/ [Accessed 8 August 2010]. Nestlà ©, 2010. Nestlà © insights: Awards and Recognition. [Online] Available at: http://www.nestle.com.my/Nestle+Insights/Corporate+Information/awards.htm [Accessed 23 August 2010]. Nestlà ©, 2010. Nestlà © insights: Awards and Recognition. [Online] Available at: http://www.nestle.com.my/Nestle+Insights/Corporate+Information/awards.htm [Accessed 23 August 2010]. Nestlà ©, 2010. Nestlà © insights: Nestlà © in Malaysia. [Online] Available at: http://www.nestle.com.my/nestle+insights/corporate+information/nestleinmalaysia [Accessed 8 August 2010]. StatCounter Global Stats, 2010. Top 5 search engines in Asia from Jan 10 to Aug 10. [Online] Available at: http://gs.statcounter.com/#search_engine-as-monthly-201001-201008-bar [Accessed 21 August 2010]. TechCrunch, 2010. Costolo:Twitter now has 190 million users tweeting 64 million times a day. [Online] Available at: http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/twitter-190-million-users/ [Accessed 15 August 2010].

The Breakdown of the Carbone family in A View From The Bridge :: A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller

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Emotional Appeal Used in Visual Advertising Essay -- essays research p

In almost any commercial you watch today, you will notice that they rarely tell you something about the product being sold. Neil Postman stated, â€Å"The television commercial is not all about the character of the product to be consumed. It’s about the character of the consumers of products† (128). I find this very true. Commercials combine the use of sight, sound, color, motion, and often humor to put forth an effective message. Within a short period of time, these advertisements can capture one’s attention and convince one to buy their product. It doesn’t matter if the product has value, as long as the advertisers are able to make a consumer believe it does. Playing off of emotions is one of the most effective ways to lure people in because you can’t refute emotions. Commercials can effectively manipulate and create false perception using emotional appeal to further benefit the advertiser.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television commercials are a persuasive form of communication. One sees tons of images of famous people, breath-taking scenery, fun vacations, and of happy families spending quality time together. But what is this telling a consumer about the product? It tells those who may buy them about their own fears, insecurities, anxieties, and dreams. They do this by constantly reminding them that their lives could be better if they buy this or that. These images are used for psychological purposes and to play off of emotions because we are emotional beings. People respo...

Economics for Sa

The balance-of-payments (BOP) accounts of a country record the payments and receipts of the people of the country in their transactions with people of other countries. If all transactions are included , the payments and receipts of each country must be equal. I. E. Net Exports (NIX) always equal Net Capital Outflow (NCO). Although this is rarely the case. The BOP statement divides international transactions into three accounts: the current account, the change in reserve assets/capital account and the financial account.The current account and financial account are impacted by export/import of odds and services. Every international transaction results in a credit and a debit. Transaction that causes money to leave a country is a debit. Q: How many economists does it take to change a light bulb? A: Eight. One to screw it in and seven to hold everything else constant. Source: http://enter. Mac. AC. UK/ Joke. HTML When the US purchases South African diamonds, the AS Current Account will h ave a credit and the US current account a debit.However AS will have a surplus of Dollars and so will purchase US assets example US Bonds. This transaction will be recorded in the financial account in the balance of payments. If South Africa buys US Dollars or any other foreign currency as an asset, then this is also recorded in the financial account. 2. 2. 1 Net Capital Flows If South Africa buys more US assets I. E. Invests more in the foreign market than what foreign markets invest in South Africa, then South Africa has a POSITIVE net capital outflow.According to our example in the Market for AS Diamonds in the US , if South Africa has a trade surplus or current account surplus with the US then it will have POSITIVE net capital outflow as it will use the surplus of US dollars to purchase US assets. 2. 2. 2 South Africans Current Account Deficit Please refer to Diagram 4 in the Appendix. A current account deficit meaner that a country is importing more goods and services than it e xports. This is an indication that an economy is â€Å"investing more than it is saving† and is borrowing from other economies to finance its spending.We are an emerging/developing economy so we borrow in order to produce more BUT our current account deficit is growing – and this is concerning. This is an indication that our economy is â€Å"unbalanced† and the governments' efforts to redress this imbalance can be seen as they try to grow our local manufacturing industry. The deficits have been among the main reasons for the recent rand weakness as investors worry about South Africans ability to finance them. We will now examine developments in the foreign exchange markets and how they have impacted South Africa. 3.Please refer to diagram 9 for the historical trend of the last 5 years of the Sara's exchange rate against the USED, YUAN, GAP and EURO. Economists can supply it on demand. Source: http://enter. Mac. AC. UK/Joke. HTML You can immediately notice that t he Rand (CAR) is rapidly moving between peaks and roughs. This meaner that the Rand is not stable I. E. It is volatile. This is because South Africa is considered an emerging market. Any sudden change politically or globally will result in investors investing in more stable economies like the US (USED) or United Kingdom (GAP).We have greater † financial volatility because we swing between economic prosperity and economic decline. † The USED, GAP and Euro (RUE) are currencies of the most stable economies in the world and are predictable and considered a ‘safe bet' by investors. Their currencies float freely. China however pegs TTS currency to the USED and deliberately keeps the YUAN weaker than the USED so that it can encourage exports of its goods and services. Please refer to Diagram 5&6. From Mid 2010 we see a consolidation or recovery of most countries from the 2008 Global Recession.This is due to the 2010 FIFE World Cup that created positive sentiment toward AS . This also created investor confidence which led to steady Direct Foreign Investment. This event was an ideal marketing platform for the tourism sector in AS. We see a peak in tourism during the World Cup. (Diagram AAA) This growth culminated at the end of 2010 (Diagram b), this reign interest increased the demand for AS goods and services which in turn increased the demand for the CAR which caused an appreciation of the CAR against foreign currencies.

Deception Point Page 10

The President dropped a sugar cube into his mug. â€Å"As surprising as this may sound, the NASA discovery I'm referring to was made by EOS.† Now Rachel felt lost. If EOS had enjoyed a recent success, NASA certainly would have announced it, wouldn't they? Her father had been crucifying EOS in the media, and the space agency could use any good news they could find. â€Å"I've heard nothing,† Rachel said, â€Å"about any EOS discovery.† â€Å"I know. NASA prefers to keep the good news to themselves for a while.† Rachel doubted it. â€Å"In my experience, sir, when it comes to NASA, no news is generally bad news.† Restraint was not a forte of the NASA public relations department. The standing joke at the NRO was that NASA held a press conference every time one of their scientists so much as farted. The President frowned. â€Å"Ah, yes. I forget I'm talking to one of Pickering's NRO security disciples. Is he still moaning and groaning about NASA's loose lips?† â€Å"Security is his business, sir. He takes it very seriously.† â€Å"He damn well better. I just find it hard to believe that two agencies with so much in common constantly find something to fight about.† Rachel had learned early in her tenure under William Pickering that although both NASA and the NRO were space-related agencies, they had philosophies that were polar opposites. The NRO was a defense agency and kept all of its space activities classified, while NASA was academic and excitedly publicized all of its breakthroughs around the globe – often, William Pickering argued, at the risk of national security. Some of NASA's finest technologies-high-resolution lenses for satellite telescopes, long-range communications systems, and radio imaging devices – had a nasty habit of appearing in the intelligence arsenal of hostile countries and being used to spy against us. Bill Pickering often grumbled that NASA scientists had big brains†¦ and even bigger mouths. A more pointed issue between the agencies, however, was the fact that because NASA handled the NRO's satellite launches, many of NASA's recent failures directly affected the NRO. No failure had been more dramatic than that of August 12, 1998, when a NASA/Air Force Titan 4 rocket blew up forty seconds into launch and obliterated its payload – a $1.2 billion NRO satellite code-named Vortex 2. Pickering seemed particularly unwilling to forget that one. â€Å"So why hasn't NASA gone public about this recent success?† Rachel challenged. â€Å"They certainly could use some good news right now.† â€Å"NASA is being silent,† the President declared, â€Å"because I ordered them to be.† Rachel wondered if she had heard him correctly. If so, the President was committing some kind of political hara-kiri that she did not understand. â€Å"This discovery,† the President said, â€Å"is†¦ shall we say†¦ nothing short of astounding in its ramifications.† Rachel felt an uneasy chill. In the world of intelligence, â€Å"astounding ramifications† seldom meant good news. She now wondered if all the EOS secrecy was on account of the satellite system having spotted some impending environmental disaster. â€Å"Is there a problem?† â€Å"No problem at all. What EOS discovered is quite wonderful.† Rachel fell silent. â€Å"Suppose, Rachel, that I told you NASA has just made a discovery of such scientific importance†¦ such earth-shattering significance†¦ that it validated every dollar Americans have ever spent in space?† Rachel could not imagine. The President stood up. â€Å"Let's take a walk, shall we?† 11 Rachel followed President Herney out onto the glistening gangway of Air Force One. As they descended the stairs, Rachel felt the bleak March air clearing her mind. Unfortunately, clarity only made the President's claims seem more outlandish than before. NASA made a discovery of such scientific importance that it validates every dollar Americans have ever spent in space? Rachel could only imagine that a discovery of that magnitude would only center on one thing – the holy grail of NASA – contact with extraterrestrial life. Unfortunately, Rachel knew enough about that particular holy grail to know it was utterly implausible. As an intelligence analyst, Rachel constantly fielded questions from friends who wanted to know about the alleged government cover-ups of alien contact. She was consistently appalled by the theories her â€Å"educated† friends bought into – crashed alien saucers hidden in secret government bunkers, extraterrestrial corpses kept on ice, even unsuspecting civilians being abducted and surgically probed. It was all absurd, of course. There were no aliens. No cover-ups. Everyone in the intelligence community understood that the vast majority of sightings and alien abductions were simply the product of active imaginations or moneymaking hoaxes. When authentic photographic UFO evidence did exist, it had a strange habit of occurring near U.S. military airbases that were testing advanced classified aircraft. When Lockheed began air-testing aradical new jet called the Stealth Bomber, UFO sightings around Edwards Air Force Base increased fifteen-fold. â€Å"You have a skeptical look on your face,† the President said, eyeing her askance. The sound of his voice startled Rachel. She glanced over, unsure how to respond. â€Å"Well†¦ † She hesitated. â€Å"May I assume, sir, that we are not talking about alien spacecrafts or little green men?† The President looked quietly amused. â€Å"Rachel, I think you'll find this discovery far more intriguing than science fiction.† Rachel was relieved to hear NASA had not been so desperate as to try selling the President on an alien story. Nonetheless, his comment served only to deepen the mystery. â€Å"Well,† she said, â€Å"whatever NASA found, I must say the timing is exceptionally convenient.† Herney paused on the gangway. â€Å"Convenient? How so?† How so? Rachel stopped and stared. â€Å"Mr. President, NASA is currently in a life or death battle to justify its very existence, and you are under attack for continuing to fund it. A major NASA breakthrough right now would be a panacea for both NASA and your campaign. Your critics will obviously find the timing highly suspect.† â€Å"So†¦ are you calling me a liar or a fool?† Rachel felt a knot rise in her throat. â€Å"I meant no disrespect, sir. I simply-â€Å" â€Å"Relax.† A faint grin grew on Herney's lips, and he started to descend again. â€Å"When the NASA administrator first told me about this discovery, I flat out rejected it as absurd. I accused him of masterminding the most transparent political sham in history.† Rachel felt the knot in her throat dissolve somewhat. At the bottom of the ramp, Herney stopped and looked at her. â€Å"One reason I've asked NASA to keep their discovery under wraps is to protect them. The magnitude of this find is well beyond anything NASA has ever announced. It will make landing men on the moon seem insignificant. Because everyone, myself included, has so much to gain – and lose – I thought it prudent for someone to double-check the NASA data before we step into the world spotlight with a formal announcement.† Rachel was startled. â€Å"Certainly you can't mean me, sir?† The President laughed. â€Å"No, this is not your area of expertise. Besides, I've already achieved verification through extragovernmental channels.† Rachel's relief gave way to a new mystification. â€Å"Extragovernmental, sir? You mean you used the private sector? On something this classified?† The President nodded with conviction. â€Å"I put together an external confirmation team – four civilian scientists-non-NASA personnel with big names and serious reputations to protect. They used their own equipment to make observations and come to their own conclusions. Over the past forty-eight hours, these civilian scientists have confirmed the NASA discovery beyond the shadow of a doubt.†

Northstowe Good or Bad

In this study, I will endeavour to discover if Northstowe is the answer to Cambridge's problems and if anything has been learnt from development of earlier settlements, such as Bar Hill, Cambourne and Arbury. This means I am going to review the circumstances that were there when the settlements were built and see if the move made by the planners at the time was best for what happened in terms of the growth of the population and people wanting to live and work in the Cambridgeshire area, this has caused a lack of houses. This has meant huge price rises in houses making them unaffordable for first time buyers in the area. As people cannot move into Cambridge directly because of the lack of housing, they have to move into the surrounding villages and towns making them also full, this is producing a lot of traffic moving in and out of Cambridge everyday which is a huge problem as the roads cannot handle the amount of traffic as Cambridge is a medieval town and was meant for horse and carts. This has created a lot of problems such as congestion and pollution. I went to Cambridge, Arbury, Oakington, Cambourne and Bar Hill to compare the housing, layout of the settlement, the environment and the services and jobs available. I was looking for open spaces, good sized houses and houses in good condition and overall a nice environment to live in. I collected my data from what I observed and my thoughts of the visited location. Chapter 1 Just after the Second World War men were coming home and having spent years with the officers who were previously thought to be way above their class discovered that they weren't so different and so there was a huge demand for housing as men and their wives began to want houses of their own away for the family. Bar Hill began to be planned for in 1952 after the Development plan tried to contain growth, including the industrial growth inside the city of Cambridge and to limit the population to 100,000. Growth was instead to be encouraged in a ring of key villages around Cambridge. By 1964 these villages had grown so fast that the villagers were concerned that the character of the villages would be lost, so other villages further away were encouraged to grow. Also the idea of developing six new villages was put forward. Bar Hill was the only site to be developed. It met the three basic criteria, single ownership, marketable location, and well related to the existing development pattern. Bar Hill was designed to have 1,250 houses, shopping and social facilities and a light industrial estate. It used the â€Å"Radburn† design principle which is where vehicles and pedestrians are segregated by having a perimeter road which has residential cul-de-sacs inside, linked by pedestrian routes leading to the village centre. Bar Hill was divided into 12 parts residentially and it was up to private developers who would meet some of the cost of village infrastructure and services. Developers needed to sell houses at a competitive price and soaring caused several developers to sell out, and slowed development. The village centre didn't get built soon enough and so this discouraged people to buy houses more. The council had to eventually pay for a new fly over to encourage development, something that should have been paid for by the developers. A local plan was made that made the final population 5,000 and demanded higher quality housing as produced originally, before developers tried to cut costs. During the 70's houses building was slow but once the remaining land was sold off in parcels, construction speed up, although many low quality houses had already been built. More warehousing and office floorspace was put forward to decrease the commuting in and out of the village and create a more inwardly motivated community. The parish council promoted community facilities and in 1980 the village hall was finally built. A lot of progress was made when Tesco gained permission to build a superstore and petrol station, although Tesco bought the land and controlled what shops were allowed to operate. Tesco continued to grow, developing its floorspace and range of goods, it provides many jobs, although it reduced the number of smaller shops and services in Bar Hill. Industrially the land was taken up steadily, in 1985 there were 6 units vacant for a total of 56. Bar hill has attracted firms from abroad, other parts of the country and local companies wishing to expand in the area. In 1994 South Cambridgeshire District Council granted outline planning permission for the settlement of Cambourne, 9 miles west of Cambridge and south of the A428 in the parishes of Bourn and Caxton. It is planned on 1000 acres of land to be an almost self contained community. When completed it will be 3,300 houses planned around three villages with traditional village greens, a local shopping centre, a 50 acre business park, shops, community facilities, such as a health centre, library and community centre, two primary schools, a public open space including a country park and recreational facilities such as a golf course. In 1998 construction began on the infrastructure of the first housing areas as well as the site entrance and roundabouts. The first residents began living in Cambourne in august 1999, with 75 homes including low cost housing, occupied by the end of the year. More roads were built as more houses were built. Work began on the first phase of the business park, building two units. Landscaping started and the country park began. Construction began on the sewage system and balancing lakes. More houses and roads completed in Great Cambourne in 2000 and work started in on lower Cambourne, with 170 families living there by the end of June. Monkfield park primary school completed along with the first children's play area. The first phone box, post box and notice board were provided. Footpaths built in the Eco Park and country park. Structural landscaping continued on the outskirts of the site and Great Cambourne village green, and the five balancing lakes were finished. Morrison's supermarket opened in 2003. Planning permission for 1774 more houses was refused. By Easter 885 houses were occupied. 90 houses were built in 1999 and 300 more are being built per year over a further 11 years. 900 of the approximate 3,300 houses are to be rented. The homes are meant to be for all ranging from one to six bed roomed apartments and houses, retirement homes and affordable housing. The 50 acre business park, 5 acre industrial estate and village shops and services will provide at least 3,000 jobs so many villagers can live and work in Cambourne. Two primary schools will eventually be provided at Cambourne. Secondary education will be provided at an expanded Comberton village college. Once the 1000th house has been occupied the community centre has to be built. It is fifteen years since the government recognised that developers receiving planning permission should be expected to make a contribution to the local community from the uplift in value which occurs when planning permission is granted. This policy was enshrined in section 106 of the Town and Country planning act 1990 which introduced a system of planning obligations enforced by contract between the local authority and the developer. At the same time the provision for affordable houses became a material consideration. This means that permission could be refused unless an appropriate contribution was agreed in areas where there was an identified need for additional affordable housing, which encompassed the vast majority of areas in England. Providing affordable housing in this way has the potential for meeting thereof the government's main affordable housing objectives. Ensuring land is made available for that housing and does not have to be bought by housing associations on the open market. Providing a financial contribution from developers to expand the supply of affordable housing that can be obtained given available government funding. Supporting the mixed communities agenda both by putting as much as possible of the supply on the same sites as market housing and mixing what is provided between social renting and intermediate tenures to ensure that a range of household groups are on the site. This relates to the Greenbelt because if anything is going to be built on the Greenbelt, it has to be sent to the government to be approved which if it is given shows a true cause and it will also be a good thing for the place where it is being built. Chapter 2 In this section I have included annotated photos of the sites that went to and graphs to show the results of the neighbourhood survey. I am going to discuss how well each site was designed to be a residential environment, whether it has a well designed environment and whether or not the facilities are adequate whether self-contained or not and whether there are any problems for example parking or traffic and whether it helps to solve Cambridge's problems. Accordia, Brooklands Avenue Catherine Square, Arbury Oakington Bar Hill Cambourne Brooklands Avenue, as you can see in photo 1 the site was clean, the traffic was light and the houses were in good condition but the houses were not very spacious, there was a lack of privacy as well as a lack of open space and a lack of parking. As the graph 1, 2 and 3 show Brooklands Avenue although the housing isn't spacious show that the environment around is nice and it's in Cambridge and so there is not far to go to get into the centre. This suggests that it could have been planned better as the houses are not very private and are quite small, this maybe because the flats where built on a brownfield site so the planners did the best they could also there is a lack of parking which is a problem because people will have 2 park on the street outside, creating the traffic problem worse. From my analysis you can see that the recent high density like Accordia near the centre of Cambridge are bad because they create more traffic problems and there isn't enough room to house the cars. This supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it takes the parked cars off of the roads in Cambridge making the traffic move more swiftly. Arbury, as you can see in photo 2 the site is clean, the traffic was light, the houses were in a good condition, there was open space, it was more private than in Brooklands Avenue and the houses were more spacious and there was off street parking. As graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the environment is well planned because there is open space, it is clean, and the housing is spacious and private. From my analysis you can see that recent low density developments like Catherine Square on the outskirts of Cambridge are good because it takes people out of Cambridge but bad because they have to commute into Cambridge to work. This both supports and doesn't support the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because although it would be getting people out of the centre of Cambridge they would want to commute back into Cambridge to work so the traffic problems would worsen. Oakington, as you can see in photo 3 the site is clean, the traffic was light, there is off street parking, there was a variety of housing styles and the landscape was nice. As graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the environment was well planned, the houses were in good condition, the houses appeared spacious, there appeared to be amenities and the privacy was good, unlike Brooklands Avenue. This suggests the environment is well planned because the houses were in good condition, there was no vandalism, the houses had privacy, the area was clean and the place was well landscaped. From my analysis you can see that old low density developments like Oakington outside of Cambridge are good because the housing is much better and the area is generally nicer, this supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it is out of the city so better housing can be built and the landscaping will be better, however the commuting traffic will still be a problem inside the centre of Cambridge. Bar Hill, as you can see in photo 4 the housing is small, and the style is unvaried and there is a lack of landscape, but the environment is clean and the houses are in good condition, but as graph 1, 2 and 3 suggest the poor housing outweighs the good environment and the closeness to services and jobs. This suggests the environment was well planned but because it was built in the 50's the planners didn't think ahead and so the houses are too small and all the same style because they were built to budget. From my analysis you can see that the recent development of Bar Hill outside Cambridge is good because it is possible to never leave Bar Hill because you can work, shop and eat there but people commute to other places to work because the work there is all the same, this is a problem because of the traffic going into Cambridge causing pollution and congestion. Cambourne, as you can see in photo 5 has open spaces, spacious houses, the houses have amenities, the houses are styled differently, there private and there all in good condition. As graph 1, 2 and 3 show this was probably the best place we visited as I had the highest average score, also the area was clean, it was quiet, well landscaped and the traffic was light. This suggests the environment is well planned because of the good roads, the off street parking, the open space and the pavement for pedestrians. From my analysis you can see that the recent development of Cambourne outside Cambridge is good because it has made a place to live that u can live and work in without having to go elsewhere. This supports the suggestion that settlement growth should be in new settlements like Northstowe because it keeps the villages which the greenbelt was founded to protect. Commuting people from villages who work in Cambridge have been severely affected by these developments because everyone is now trying to get into Cambridge the traffic is piling up and because Cambridge was not built to hold the vast amount of traffic that there is there are daily jams when people are trying to get in and out during peak times. Chapter 3 My analysis of the 2 Cambridge sits and the 3 out of Cambridge sites reveal that although the housing is better quality and the places are of better standard outside they are producing huge amounts of traffic going into Cambridge where there is nowhere for them all to go, whereas the Cambridge sites make Cambridge easy to walk to making the traffic problems less but at a reduced niceness of house. Advantages of Cambridge site Disadvantages of Cambridge site * Easy to get into town * Can do things in town without having to worry about getting transport back * Doesn't increase traffic problem * Not far from the centre of Cambridge * Not far from a train station * Not far from work * Not very much space * Can be loud * Can be impossible to get out of Cambridge because of the traffic * If there are road works you can still be late because of the traffic jams from the other cars * Houses small and expensive Advantages of non Cambridge site Disadvantages of non Cambridge site * Open spaces for parks and play areas * Cleaner environment * The area is well landscaped * Quiet environment * The traffic is light * There is off street parking * Pedestrians are well served for as well as cyclists * Good roads for motorists * Can be far away from Cambridge * Commuting causes huge traffic problems by large amounts of people all needing to get in at the same time * There might not be any public transport routes in where the new village is. The alternatives being suggested are new villages/towns, new business parks next to old settlements, re-use land inside Cambridge or to use land on the edge of Cambridge's greenbelt like Milton or King's Hedges. These are not likely to happen in the near future because Northstowe is currently being planned, also the new town idea is Northstowe, and it will be a new town when built. The best choice would be to use brownfield sites in Cambridge itself or to revitalise places by building business parks next to old settlements providing more work out of Cambridge. Chapter 4 6,000 new homes to be built at Northstowe by 2016, with an expansion to approximately 8,000 new homes by 2021 and beyond, there is going 2 be another boom in traffic in the centre of Cambridge and it won't be able to cope so the pollution level will increase and so will the vandalism and crime in Cambridge. The way to reduce impact on the city of Cambridge when Northstowe is built is by making Cambridge easily accessible by bus, guided bus or train, this would reduce the traffic in the centre of Cambridge. To make this settlement work, in my findings, there should be open spaces, spacious good quality housing, a variety of style of housing, the houses should have amenities and they should have privacy. Also the area should be quiet, well landscaped and should be suited for cyclists, pedestrians and motorists. There should be nearby schools, leisure facilities, shopping facilities, and a business park and also it should be well served by public transport. Doing this would reduce Cambridge's problems by making jobs outside of the centre of Cambridge, reducing the commuting, likewise with the good public transport. The schools would mean that people wouldn't have to do a school run into Cambridge making the traffic even less. Having open spaces makes people stay in a village because they can go and relax there and also it means there can be clubs held which get the village together. Leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, cinema or a gym would give the people an alternative nearby instead of having 2 go into Cambridge for these. Also a village hall would be good for hosting parties or clubs such as a youth club that would keep youths out of Cambridge and keep them off the streets. Conclusion I agree that lessons have been learnt from Bar Hill and Cambourne but I doubt that these lessons will be used to full effect, because although Bar Hill's circular outer road has been abolished from Cambourne and from what they expect Northstowe to look like (see diagram 1) it was quite a clever idea. Also from Bar Hill we have learnt that just because there are jobs that are in the village/town you are in, it doesn't mean that the people will work there, they are more likely to commute to either Cambridge or London from a nearby train station. The lessons learned from both of these new developments are saying the same thing that Cambridge cannot cope with the traffic that is pouring in from all the new settlements and from all the older ones. Also they have learnt that schools must be built nearby or in the town to help cope with the children because they cannot fit into the existing schools and the commuting to school would also put huge amounts of traffic on the road and this is what we are trying to stop. I don't believe that Northstowe is the answer to Cambridge's problems but other than flattening it and starting again from scratch, which is not do-able I believe it is the best way forward. Another thing that should be built is a church of some kind because people commuting into Cambridge or nearby villages to go to church could also be seen as a problem to some people especially is a town like Northstowe had to move into the surrounding villages it would spell disaster for these quiet country villages. Evaluation If I did this project again I would improve it by going at a better time of day where there are more people about to complete the survey, and by visiting there more than once, to go back on a variety of occasions to see what exactly happens there. I think I'd need more time to get better feel for the survey and I could use more information on Northstowe to truly discover what they will be building.